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口蹄疫（Foot-and-mouth disease, FMD）是由口蹄疫病毒（Foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV）感染引起的一类严重危害偶蹄兽的高致病性、高传染性疾病。FMDV共有7个血清型及超过65个拓扑型，且不同血清型的流行特征差异明显。全球范围内，以O型、A型病毒分布最为广泛，FMD疫情整体呈现“零星散发、毒株多元化”的复杂态势。近年来，FMDV的传播模式发生显著转变，传统依赖地理隔离的防控屏障不断被突破：2025年匈牙利时隔52年再次暴发FMD疫情，且周边国家未发现关联病例；南非型FMDV亦突破传统的流行区域，呈现出向西亚、中东等地区持续扩散的流行态势，致使全球防控形势日趋严峻，进一步增加了防控难度。新发FMD疫情普遍存在溯源挑战，FMD防控策略亟需加快迭代，而精准的检测技术是疫情预警与溯源的核心，对风险评估与精准防控具有决定性作用。为系统理清FMDV的流行规律和检测技术体系，本文综合梳理并分析了国内外FMDV的流行现状与特征，系统总结了当前主流的FMD检测方法，并针对抗体水平评价、疫苗接种与野毒感染的血清学鉴别检测等核心技术难点展开深入讨论，为FMD防控提供科学的理论支撑与实用的技术参考。
Abstract：Foot-and-mouth disease(FMD) is a highly contagious and transboundary viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV). FMDV comprises seven serotypes and more than 65 topotypes, with marked differences in epidemiological characteristics among serotypes. Globally, serotypes O and A are the most widely distributed, and the overall epidemiological pattern of FMD is characterized by sporadic outbreaks and high genetic diversity. In recent years, the transmission dynamics of FMDV have undergone significant changes, with traditional control barriers based on geographic isolation increasingly being breached. For example, Hungary reported a resurgence of FMD in 2025 after a 52-year absence, without epidemiological links to neighboring countries. In addition, South African Territories(SAT) strains have expanded beyond their traditional endemic regions, showing continued spread toward West Asia and the Middle East, thereby further complicating global control efforts. Recent outbreaks are frequently associated with challenges in source tracing, underscoring the urgent need to refine and update current control strategies. Accurate and sensitive diagnostic technologies play a central role in early warning, outbreak investigation, and source tracing, and are critical for risk assessment and targeted control. This review systematically summarizes the global epidemiological patterns and characteristics of FMDV and provides an overview of current diagnostic methods. It also discusses key technical challenges, including antibody level evaluation and serological differentiation between vaccinated animals and those infected with wild-type virus, with the aim of providing a scientific basis and practical guidance for FMD prevention and control.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:S855.3
引用信息:
[1]周正,石正旺,廖焕程,等.口蹄疫流行情况及检测技术进展[J].病毒学报().
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金重点项目（项目号：32330107）,题目：口蹄疫病毒从牛适应到猪的嗜性变异机制; 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所所级重点项目（项目号：CAAS-ASTIP-JBGS-20230402）,题目：诊断新材料的研制及应用
2026-06-01
2026-06-01
2026-06-01