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尼帕病毒（Nipah virus, NiV）是由狐蝠属维持的高致病性人畜共患病毒，可引发以急性脑炎和/或严重呼吸道疾病为主要表现的暴发疫情，并可出现家庭聚集、院内传播及密切接触相关的人际传播，公共卫生风险较高。不同疫情中病死率多报道为40%～75%，其波动与医疗可及性、病例构成与选择偏倚、暴发规模以及实验室确诊与监测能力等因素相关。目前尚无获批的NiV特异性治疗药物与疫苗，临床处置以支持治疗与感染防控为主，相关对策研发已被列入国际重点优先方向。近年来，相关研究围绕病毒入侵过程、复制转录机制及宿主免疫调控等方面取得进展，为抗病毒干预提供了重要依据。本文在综述尼帕病毒感染与致病相关研究进展的基础上，系统评述抗病毒药物、被动免疫与疫苗等防控策略的研究现状及其转化面临的主要问题，并对靶点验证、产品研发及“同一健康”框架下的监测与防控体系建设进行展望。
Abstract：Nipah virus(NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus maintained in nature by fruit bats of the genus Pteropus. NiV infection can cause outbreaks characterized by acute encephalitis and/or severe respiratory disease, accompanied by household clusters, nosocomial transmission, and close-contact-associated human-tohuman spread, posing a substantial public health threat. Case fatality rates reported in different outbreaks are often 40% – 75%, and their variability is associated with factors including healthcare accessibility, case composition and selection bias, outbreak scale, as well as laboratory confirmation and surveillance capability. Currently, no NiV-specific therapeutics or vaccines have been approved, and clinical management mainly relies on supportive care and infection prevention and control; therefore, countermeasure development has been prioritized internationally. In recent years, studies on NiV molecular pathogenesis have focused on receptormediated entry and membrane fusion, the replication – transcription complex, and interferon antagonism mediated by P gene-encoded proteins, providing important clues for antiviral interventions. This review summarizes recent advances in NiV infection and pathogenesis, evaluates the current status and major translational challenges of antivirals, passive immunization, and vaccine strategies, and discusses future directions in target validation, product development, and the establishment of “One Health” surveillance and control systems.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:R511
引用信息:
[1]孟玉,邹敏,陈斌,等.尼帕病毒致病机制与防治策略研究进展[J].病毒学报().
基金信息:
国家中医药多学科交叉创新团队项目（项目号：ZYYCXTD-D202406）,题目：中西医结合防治重大突发呼吸系统疾病研究创新团队; 广东省科技计划（项目号：2025B1212030002）,题目：中国—葡萄牙人工智能与公共卫生问题“一带一路”联合实验室; 广州市科技计划（项目号：2025A03J3816）,题目：艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡及免疫调节作用机制研究; 2025年度澳门科学技术发展基金（项目号：0036/2025/RIB1）,题目：基于中医芳香疗法和分子配伍机制理论设计的创新中药消毒剂研制和抗病毒机制研究
2026-06-02
2026-06-02
2026-06-02