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尼帕病毒（Nipah virus, NiV）是一种极具危害性的高致病性人兽共患病原体，自1998年在马来西亚首次暴发并导致大规模感染以来，因其高病死率（40%～75%）、明确的人际传播能力以及广泛分布的自然动物宿主，被世界卫生组织（World Health Organization,WHO）列为全球优先关注的重点病原体之一。近年来，NiV疫情的流行模式发生显著演变，呈现出“新发与复发并存、局部暴发常态化”的严峻态势，其中南亚地区已清晰显现出明确的“地方病化”特征，成为全球NiV疫情的主要高发区域。2026年1月印度西孟加拉邦再次出现NiV聚集性疫情，且导致多名医护人员职业暴露感染，进一步凸显了该病毒对医疗卫生系统的直接冲击以及全球范围内NiV防控的紧迫性与必要性。尽管目前全球范围内尚无获批上市的特效治疗药物和预防性疫苗，但NiV病原学机制研究、新型诊断技术研发及综合治疗防控策略探索已取得一系列重要突破。本文系统综述了NiV的病原学特征、流行病学演变、诊断技术革新及疫苗研发等方面的最新进展，重点梳理疫苗和治疗药物领域的研究成果与挑战，为我国应对此类高威胁新发突发人兽共患传染病提供科学参考。
Abstract：Nipah virus(NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic agent with severe hazards. Since its first outbreak in Malaysia in 1998, which led to large-scale infections, it has been listed by the World Health Organization(World Health Organization,WHO) as one of the global priority pathogens due to its high case fatality rate(40%–75%), confirmed human-to-human transmission capability, and widespread distribution among natural animal hosts. In recent years, the epidemiological patterns of NiV outbreaks have undergone significant evolution, presenting a severe situation characterized by "coexistence of emerging and recurrent outbreaks with localized outbreaks becoming routine. " South Asia has clearly exhibited distinct "endemic disease" features, becoming the primary high-risk region for global NiV outbreaks. In January 2026, a NiV cluster outbreak was reported again in West Bengal, India, resulting in multiple healthcare workers infected through occupational exposure, further highlighting the direct impact of the virus on healthcare systems and the urgency and necessity of global NiV prevention and control. Although no approved specific therapeutic agents or preventive vaccines are currently available worldwide, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in NiV etiological mechanism research, development of novel diagnostic technologies, and exploration of comprehensive prevention and control strategies. This article systematically reviews the latest advancements in NiV etiological characteristics, epidemiological evolution, diagnostic technology innovations, and vaccine development, with a focus on research achievements and challenges in vaccine and therapeutic drug fields, providing scientific references for China's response to such high-threat emerging zoonotic infectious diseases.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:R373
引用信息:
[1]徐浩,马一丹,罗瑞,等.尼帕病毒最新研究进展与防控策略[J].病毒学报().
基金信息:
吉林省杰出青年科技人才项目（项目号：20240602007RC）,题目：乳酸杆菌及其制剂抗PEDV感染的作用与机制研究; 中国工程院科技战略咨询重点项目（项目号：2025-XZ-109）,题目：外来动物疫病现状与防控战略研究
2026-06-01
2026-06-01
2026-06-01